New oral cancer test for the dental practice

A new test for oral cancer that uses a brush to collect cells from a patient’s mouth and produces results in less than 20 minutes, is to be developed.

The research team – including scientists at the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust – has been awarded $2 million from the USA’s National Institutes of Health to develop the test.

The test will involve removing cells with a brush, placing them on a chip, and inserting the chip into the analyser, leading to a result in 8-10 minutes. This will have a number of benefits including cutting waiting times and the number of visits, and also cost savings for the NHS.

The team in Sheffield, led by Professor Martin Thornhill, professor of oral medicine at the University of Sheffield and a consultant in oral medicine at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, is carrying out clinical trials on patients at Charles Clifford Dental Hospital over two years to perfect the technology and make it as sensitive as possible. If the trials confirm that it is as effective as carrying out a biopsy then it could become a regular application at dental surgeries in the future.

Professor Thornhill said: ‘This new affordable technology will significantly increase our ability to detect oral cancer in the future. Diagnosis currently involves removing a small piece of tissue from the mouth and sending it to a pathologist. This is typically done at a hospital, can take a week or more and involve extra visits for the patient. With the new technology, a brush would be used to painlessly remove a few cells from the lining of the mouth that would be analysed within minutes in the presence of the patient, so that the patient would know the result before leaving the clinic.

‘This technology will make it easier for us to screen suspicious lesions in the mouth and separate non-cancerous lesions from those where there is a risk of cancer and those where cancer has already developed. We have just started to recruit patients to a study that is designed to ensure that the new technology is at least as good as the old method at distinguishing these different types of lesion. Ultimately, dentists and doctors may be able to use this technology to check suspicious lesions in the mouth and reassure the vast majority of patients that they haven’t got cancer without even having to send them to the hospital.’

The project is being led by Professor John McDevitt from Rice University, USA, who has developed the nano-bio-chips, which are disposable and slotted like a credit card into a battery-powered analyser. A brush-biopsy sample is placed on the card and microfluidic circuits wash cells from the sample into the reaction chamber. The cells pass through mini-fluidic channels about the size of small veins and come in contact with ‘biomarkers’ that react only with specific types of diseased cells. The machine uses two LEDs to light up various regions of the cells and cell compartments. Healthy and diseased cells can be distinguished from one another by the way they glow in response to the LEDs.

 

Dr Vinod Joshi, founder and cheif executive of the Mouth Cancer Foundation said: ‘Such a minimally invasive technique would a great step forward in providing dentists the ability to catch early signs of oral cancer right there in the chair. It would also be a less painful way to do that diagnosis. This area of diagnostics has been terribly challenging. It is encouraging that this technique has shown remarkable success in an early trial. The device is now on entering a more extensive trial that will involve 500 patients in Houston, San Antonio and England. Hopefully this will lead to an application for FDA approval but this is at least two to four years away.’

If oral cancer is detected early, the prognosis for patients is excellent, with a five-year survival rate of more than 90%. Unfortunately, many oral cancers are not diagnosed early and the overall survival rate is only about 50%, among the lowest rates for all major cancers.

The technology is also being considered for future research projects for diagnosis and management of heart attacks, diabetes and other diseases.

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